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Reliable COVID-19 short-term forecasting

New model developed at Texas A&M proves successful in predicting COVID-19 infection rates two to three weeks in advance

A new study by Texas A&M University researchers reports on a new model for making short-term projections of daily COVID-19 cases that is accurate, reliable and easily used by public health officials and other organizations.

Led by Hongwei Zhao, ScD, Professor of Biostatistics at the Texas A&M University School of Public Health, researchers used a method based on the SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infected and recovered states) framework to project COVID-19 incidence over a two- to three-week period based solely on currently observed incidence. This model assumes a constant or small change in the transmission rate of the virus that causes COVID-19 over a short period.

The model uses publicly available data on new reported cases of COVID-19 in Texas from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. Texas A&M researchers used this data on disease incidence for Texas and a selection of counties that included the Texas A&M University campus to estimate the COVID-19 transmission rate. They then forecasted future infections under three possible scenarios: a sustained, constant rate of transmission; one where the transmission rate is five percent higher than current levels, reflecting a decrease in practices to prevent transmission or an increase in conditions that promote transmission; and one where transmission is five percent lower. Estimating the current effective transmission rate can be tricky, since day-to-day variations in both infections and reporting can dramatically influence this estimate. Thus, the researchers smoothed daily reporting variations using a three-day weighted average and performed additional smoothing to account for data anomalies such as counties reporting several months of cases all at once.

The researchers compared their projections with reported incidence in Texas through four periods in 2020: April 15, June 15, August 15 and October 15. The number of new daily COVID-19 cases being reported were relatively low in mid-April, when many businesses were shut down, and then started to increase in early May after phased re-openings began in Texas. The numbers increased sharply after Memorial Day and then started trending downward after a statewide mask mandate was enacted during the summer. Infections increased again after Labor Day but then seemed to plateau until the middle of October, when the transmission rate was observed again to increase dramatically. The statewide application of the model showed that it performed reasonably well, with only the second period forecast deviating from the actual recorded incidence, perhaps due to the dramatically changing numbers at the time when a great wave of COVID-19 occurred around the Memorial Day holiday. The model performed similarly well at the county level, though the smaller population and changes in population, such as students moving in and out of the area during the school year, influenced reporting of new cases.

“The results indicate that this model can be used to reasonably predict COVID-19 cases two to three weeks in advance using only current incidence numbers,” Zhao said. “The simplicity of this model is one of its greatest strengths as it can be easily implemented by organizations with few resources. Forecasts from this model can help health care organizations prepare for surges and help public health officials determine whether mask mandates or other policies will be needed.”

However, the model is limited by the data it uses. Local testing and reporting policies and resources can affect data accuracy. Additionally, assumptions about transmission rate based on current incidence are less likely to be accurate further into the future. Lastly, as more people contract COVID-19 and recover, or are vaccinated, the susceptible population will change, possibly affecting transmission.

Despite these limitations, the model can be a valuable tool for health care facilities and public health officials, especially when combined with other sources of information. The COVID-19 pandemic is not yet over, so having a tool that can determine when and where another surge might occur is important. Similarly, researchers hope to use these new tools at their disposal for future infectious disease needs. Additionally, the model has been utilized to create a dashboard that provides real-time data on the spread of COVID-19 state-wide and locally that has been used by university administrators and local public health officials.

Other School of Public health researchers involved in this study included Marcia Ory, PhD, MPH, Tiffany Radcliff, PhD, Murray Côté, PhD, Rebecca Fischer, PhD, MPH, DTMH, and Alyssa McNulty, MPH, along with Department of Statistics researchers Huiyan Sang, PhD, and Naveed Merchant.

Media contact: media@tamu.edu

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